Bio-based leather uye vegan dehwe pfungwa mbiri dzakasiyana, asi pane zvimwe zvinopindirana:
Bio-based leather
zvinoreva dehwe rakagadzirwa kubva kuzvinhu zvakasikwa semiti nemichero (semuenzaniso, chibage, chinanazi, uye howa), zvichisimbisa mavambo ehupenyu hwezvinhu. Rudzi urwu rwedehwe rinowanzosangana nebio-based material standards (bio-based content inodarika 25%), inoderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari panguva yekugadzirwa, uye inoshamwaridzana nenharaunda. Nekudaro, maitiro echinyakare kana mhuka-based additives anogona achiri kushandiswa panguva yekugadzira.
Vegan dehwe
inonyatso reva zvimwe zvematehwe zvisina zvinhu zvemhuka, zvinosanganisira zvirimwa, fungal-based (semuenzaniso, mushroom-based), kana zvigadzirwa. Hunhu hwakakosha ndehwekuti hapana mhuka dzinobatanidzwa mukuita kwese kwekugadzira uye hapana kuongororwa kwemhuka kunoitwa. Semuenzaniso, ganda reapuro uye ganda remazambiringa rinowira pasi pechikamu che vegan.
Tsanangudzo yehukama: Vegan dehwe rinogara riri bio-based Leather (nekuda kwechirimwa / fungal mabviro), asi bio-based leather haireve vegan Leather (inogona kunge iine zvigadzirwa zvemhuka). Semuenzaniso, maitiro echinyakare ekupisa anogona kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvemhuka. Mamwe matehwe e-bio-based anogona kunge achiri nemidziyo yemhuka (semuenzaniso, phosphine plasticizers), nepo vegan dehwe richifanira kunge risina zvachose kubva kune mhuka.
I. Tsanangudzo yeBio-Based Vegan Leather
Bio-based vegan leather inoreva dzimwe nzira dzematehwe dzakagadzirwa kubva kune biological mbishi zvinhu zvakaita sezvirimwa, fungi, kana tupukanana. Kugadzirwa kwayo kunodzivirira zvachose kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemhuka uye zvekugadzira petrochemical zvinhu (senge polyurethane (PU) uye PVC). Yayo yakakosha mabhenefiti pamusoro pematehwe echinyakare anosanganisira:
1. Kushamwaridzana kwezvakatipoteredza: Maitiro ekugadzira anoderedza kubudiswa kwekabhoni ne80% (data source: 2022 Nature Materials study) uye inoora.
2. Kusagadzikana kwezviwanikwa: Zvekushandisa zvakanyanya marara ekurima (semashizha epineapple neapple pomace) kana zviwanikwa zvinokurumidza kuvandudzwa (senge mycelium).
3. Customizable properties: Nekugadzirisa maitiro, inogona kutevedzera maitiro, kushanduka, uye kunyange kupikisa mvura kwematehwe chaiwo. II. Matanho Akakosha Mukuita Kugadzirwa
1. Raw Material Kugadzirira
- Plant Fiber Extraction: Semuyenzaniso, pineapple leaf fiber (Piñatex) inoitwa degumming uye combing kuti igadzire mesh-senge base zvinhu.
- Kurimwa kweMycelium: Semuyenzaniso, dehwe rehowa (Mycelium Leather) rinoda kuviriswa kwemavhiki maviri-3 munzvimbo inodzorwa tembiricha uye mwando kuita dense mycelium membrane.
2. Molding uye Processing
- Kudzvanya: Zvinhu zvakasvibirira zvinosanganiswa neakasikwa binder (zvakadai sealgin) uye zvinoumbwa nekupisa kupisa (kazhinji pa80-120 ° C).
-Kurapa Kwepamusoro: Chirimwa-chakagadzirwa ne polyurethane kana wakisi coating chinoshandiswa kuwedzera kusimba. Mamwe maitiro anosanganisirawo kuwedzera kwedhayi dzechisikigo (senge indigo) yekupenda.
3. Kupedza
- Texture Engraving: Laser kana mold embossing matekiniki anoshandiswa kutevedzera magadzirirwo ematehwe emhuka.
- Performance Testing: Izvi zvinosanganisira kuyedzwa kwesimba rekusimba (kusvika 15-20 MPa, yakafanana nedehwe remombe) uye kuramba abrasion.
Bio-based PU imhando nyowani ye polyurethane zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva kune zvinogoneka bioresources, senge mafuta ezvirimwa uye starch. Kana ichienzaniswa neyechinyakare peturu-yakavakirwa PU, bio-yakavakirwa PU inonyanya kushamwaridzana nharaunda uye inogadzikana. Magadzirirwo ayo ekugadzira ane kushomeka kwezvakatipoteredza uye anoodza, zvichibatsira kuderedza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Bio-based leather inogadzirwa kubva kune inovandudzwa yematehwe zvinhu kana fiber, zvichiita kuti ive nehushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza uye inogadzikana. Bio-based leather inoreva dehwe rakagadzirwa kubva kuzvisikwa, faibha dzinogonekazve kana zvinhu zvakaita sedonje, line, bamboo, huni, makwande ehove, mapfupa emombe, uye mapfupa enguruve. Bio-based leather inodzokororwa uye yakawedzera hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza, ichideredza kuvimba nemhuka dzinosimudza bvudzi uye kubatsira kune kodzero dzemhuka. Kuenzaniswa nematehwe echinyakare, bio-based dehwe rine hutsanana, husina muchetura, uye hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza. Inogona zvakare kushandiswa nyore nyore sechinotsiva chematehwe echinyakare, zvichibatsira kudzikisa mutengo wekupedzisira. Iri ganda rine hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza rinodzivirirawo kutsvuka kwezuva uye rinochengetedza kusimba, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakakurumbira.
Bio-yakavakirwa ganda: Itsva yegirinhi fashoni sarudzo!
Bio-based leather, dehwe rinoenderana nemhoteredzo rakagadzirwa kubva kune zvinogonekazve, rinoshandisa zvirimwa zvemafibhi uye microbial fermentation tekinoroji kushandura faibha dzechirimwa kuita imwe nzira yedehwe.
Kuenzaniswa nematehwe echinyakare, bio-based leather inopa zvakakosha zvakatipoteredza zvakanakira. Kutanga, inobvisa kudiwa kwematehwe emhuka, nokudaro ichidzivisa kukuvadza kumhuka uye kutsinhirana nenheyo dzekudzivirira mhuka. Chechipiri, maitiro ayo ekugadzira anopedza mvura shoma, kuderedza tsvina yemvura. Chinonyanya kukosha, bio-based leather inonyatso kudzikisa tsvina yemakemikari, nokudaro kuderedza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kusimudzirwa kwe-bio-based leather haingobatsiri kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza asiwo inosimudzira kusimudzira kwakasimba kweindasitiri yemafashoni.
Iko kusanganiswa kwebio-based PU uye dehwe inopa mhando-nyowani zvinhu izvo zvisiri zvekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza chete asiwo zvinopa kuita kwakanakisa. Munguva ino inotongwa nepurasitiki, kubuda kwebio-based PU pasina mubvunzo kwakaunza kufema kwemweya mutsva kuindasitiri yematehwe.
Bio-based PU chinhu chepurasitiki chakagadzirwa kubva kubiomass kuburikidza nekutevedzana kwemakemikari maitiro. Kuenzaniswa neyechinyakare PU, ine yakaderera kabhoni emissions uye yakakwirira biodegradability. Dehwe, kune rumwe rutivi, chinhu chechinyakare chinogadziriswa kuburikidza nematanho akawanda uye chinoratidzwa nehunhu hwayo hwechisikigo, hunogara, uye hwepamusoro-soro. Iko kusanganiswa kwebio-based PU nematehwe inosanganisa zvakanakira dehwe nemidziyo yepurasitiki, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yakanakira imwe nzira.
Kuenzaniswa nematehwe, bio-yakavakirwa PU inopa kuvandudza kufema uye kupfava. Yakajairika PU ine dzimwe nyaya dzekufema, asi bio-yakavakirwa PU inovandudza kufema nekugadzirisa chimiro chayo, ichibvumira ganda kufema uye kubvisa iyo yakapfava kunzwa. Uyezve, iyo yakakwidziridzwa kupfava kwebio-based PU inoita kuti dehwe rikwane zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti riwedzere kugadzika kupfeka.
Iko kusanganiswa kwebio-based PU uye dehwe zvakare inopa yakagadziridzwa kupfeka kuramba uye kusimba. Yakajairika PU inowanzopfeka uye kuchembera nekufamba kwenguva, asi bio-yakavakirwa PU inovandudza kupfeka kwayo kuramba uye kusimba nekuvandudza chimiro chayo uye nekuwedzera zvakakosha zvinongedzo, zvichiita kuti dehwe riwedzere kusimba uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwaro.
Iko kusanganiswa kwebio-based PU uye dehwe zvakare inopa zvakatipoteredza uye zvakagadzikana zvakanakira. Yakajairika PU inogadzirwa kubva mupetroleum, nepo bio-based PU inogadzirwa kubva kubiomass, ichidzikisa kutsamira pane petroleum zviwanikwa uye kuderedza kabhoni dhaidhirosi kuburitswa. Uyezve, bio-based PU inoshatisa nekukurumidza mushure mekuraswa, ichideredza kukanganisa kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza uye kusangana nezvino zvinodikanwa zvebudiriro. Pakazere, musanganiswa webio-based PU uye dehwe ibasa rekutanga, kubatanidza zvakanakira zvechinyakare dehwe nekugadzikana kwezvakatipoteredza. Nekuenderera mberi kwekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kukura kwekuziva kwezvakatipoteredza, isu tinotenda kuti kushandiswa kwebio-based PU nematehwe kuchawedzera kupararira, zvichitiunzira zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro uye chiitiko chiri nani chekurarama. Ngatitarisei kune ramangwana rakajeka rebio-based PU uye dehwe!
Misiyano yakakosha pakati pe bio-based leather uye vegan dehwe iri mune yakasvibira zvinhu sosi uye maitiro ekugadzira:
Bio-based leather inogadzirwa kubva kune chirimwa fiber (senge flax uye bamboo fiber) kana microbial synthesis. Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinogona kuwana 30% -50% kuderedza kabhoni emission, asi zvidiki zvezvinhu zvakatorwa nemhuka (senge glue nedhayi) zvinogona kuramba zvichishandiswa mukugadzira.
Vegan dehwe haina zvachose yezvigadzirwa zvemhuka uye inonamatira kune vegan misimboti mukati mekugadzira kwayo maitiro, kusanganisira mbishi kutsvagisa, kugadzirisa, uye kuyedza, pasina kushandisa mhuka. Semuenzaniso, dehwe reapuro rinogadzirwa kubva muchero pomace, nepo mazambiringa ematehwe ematehwe anogadzirwa nemarara ekugadzira waini. .
Kuenzanisa Kwekuita
Kuburikidza nekugadzirisa maitiro, bio-based leather inogona kuwana mameseji akafanana nedehwe rechokwadi. Nekudaro, izvo zvechisikigo zvezvimwe zvinhu (senge cork dehwe) zvinodzikamisa kusapfeka kwavo. Nekuda kwekusiyana kwezvinhu zvenyama, vegan dehwe rinogona kunzwa padyo nedehwe rechokwadi mune zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, kupfava kwematehwe eApple kwakafanana neyematehwe echinyakare.
Applications
Bio-based leather inonyanya kushandiswa mumotokari mukati (senge zvigaro zveBMW) uye mukwende. Vegan dehwe rinowanzowanikwa mune fashoni zvinhu zvakaita seshangu uye mabhegi. Zvigadzirwa zvakaita seGucci neAdidas zvakatotangisa zvine hukama zvigadzirwa. .
I. Kugara kwenguva refu kweBio-Based Leather
Abrasion Resistance:
Yakanyanya kurapwa bio-yakavakirwa dehwe inoratidza yakanakisa abrasion kuramba, inokwanisa kutsungirira zviuru zveabrasion bvunzo.
Imwe mota brand's bio-based microfiber dehwe yakapfuura zviuru makumi mashanu emakumi mashanu ezviuru bvunzo uye yakarongerwa kushandiswa muzvigaro zve2026 MPVs.
Pasi pekushandiswa kwakajairwa, inogona kumira zviuru zveabrasion cycles, kusangana nekushandiswa kwezuva nezuva uye zvakajairika abrasion scenarios.
Hupenyu hweSevhisi:
Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinogona kugara kweanopfuura makore mashanu.
Zvisinei, chiyero chegoho chakaderera (70-80%), uye kugadzikana kwehutano hwechigadzirwa kwakashata.
Kuchinja Kwezvakatipoteredza:
Iyo ine yakanaka yemamiriro ekunze kuramba, asi yakanyanyisa nharaunda (yepamusoro / yakaderera tembiricha / humidity) inogona kukanganisa kuita kwayo. Inoramba yakapfava uye inochengetedza chimiro chayo kunyange munzvimbo dzepamusoro-tembiricha.
II. Kugara kweVegan Leather
Abrasion Resistance:
Zvimwe Zvigadzirwa senge microfiber vegan dehwe zvinogona kuwana zvakafanana kupfeka kuramba sedehwe chairo. Ivo vanopa yakanakisa kufema uye abrasion kuramba. Nekudaro, zvigadzirwa zvine PU/PVC zvikamu zvinogona kusangana nekusimba nyaya nekuda kwekuchembera kwepurasitiki.
Upenyu Hwebasa: Zvinoenderana nerudzi rwezvinhu: Cork-based zvinhu zvinogona kugara kusvika kumakore mazana maviri. Zvishandiso zvitsva senge mycelium dehwe zvinoda makore 3-4 ekuvandudza, uye kusimba kwavo kuchiri kuedzwa.
Zvinogumira: Matehwe mazhinji evegan ane mapurasitiki asina-biodegradable akadai se polyurethane (PU) uye polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Kubudirira kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu hakusati kwakura, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuwana kudzoka kwakadzikama pakudyara. Vegan dehwe pamusika rinowanzobatanidzwa zvakasimba nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuenderera mberi, asi muchokwadi, mazhinji vegan matehwe ane asiri-biodegradable mapurasitiki akadai se polyurethane (PU) uye polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Uyezve, tekinoroji yekuvandudza vegan dehwe ichiri idiki. Muchokwadi, vegan dehwe rinowira mumapoka matatu makuru: PU/PVC epurasitiki dehwe, musanganiswa wepurasitiki uye zvidyarwa/fungi, uye yakachena chirimwa/fungi dehwe. Chikamu chimwe chete chechokwadi chepurasitiki-isina uye eco-hushamwari. Parizvino, zvigadzirwa pamusika, sePiñatex, Desserto, Apple Skin, uye Mylo, anowanzo kusanganiswa kwezvirimwa / fungi nemapurasitiki. Vegan dehwe rinotsanangura hunhu hunhu hwayo husina hutsinye. Nekudaro, pakati pekufona kuri kukura kwekusimudzira, chirimwa / fungi zvinongedzo muvegan dehwe zvakasimudzwa uye nekukudzwa, zvichivharidzira kuvapo kwepurasitiki. Liu Pengzi, Yale University PhD in Materials Science anoshanda pane imwe kambani inobvunza mazano, akataurawo mubvunzurudzo neJing Daily kuti "vazhinji vanogadzira matehwe evegan uye mabhureki anosimbisa mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye akasimba ezvigadzirwa zvavo mukushambadzira kwavo."
Mukusimudzira shanduko inoenderera kuburikidza nevegan dehwe, mabhureki anoisa pamberi pezvinyorwa zvakanaka. Nekudaro, nzira dzekushambadzira dzinoderedza nyaya huru dzinogona kuve njodzi huru, zvichizotungamira mukupomerwa kwe "greenwashing." Vatengi vanofanirwawo kungwarira musungo wezwi rekuti "vegan." Idzo nyaya dzakanaka uye dzakanaka dzinogona kunge dziine epurasitiki.
Kuenzaniswa neganda repurasitiki rakachena uye matehwe emhuka, vegan dehwe, kunyangwe ingangove nepurasitiki, rinowanzo gadzikana. Kering's 2018 inoenderera mushumo, "Environmental Gains and Losses," inoratidza kuti kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwevegan kugadzirwa kwematehwe kunogona kunge kwakadzikira chikamu chimwe muzvitatu pane icho chedehwe chairo. Nekudaro, kusimba kwemaitiro evatengi anotungamirwa nevegan dehwe zvigadzirwa zvinoramba zvichinetsa.
Vegan dehwe chinhu chakagadzirwa kubva mukugadzira kana chirimwa-chakagadzirwa zvigadzirwa zvinotevedzera kunzwa uye kutaridzika kwedehwe rechokwadi, asi pasina kushandiswa kwemhuka mukugadzirwa kwayo. Icho chinhu chakagadzirwa kubva kune chakagadzirwa kana chirimwa-chakagadzirirwa zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa kutsiva rechokwadi dehwe. Kutaridzika, kunzwa, uye zvimiro zvezvinhu izvi zvakafanana nedehwe rechokwadi, asi mutsauko wakakosha ndewekuti zvinogadzirwa pasina kushandiswa kwemhuka mukuuraya.
Vegan dehwe rinonyanya kuuya muzvikamu zviviri: zvekugadzira uye zvakasikwa, senge polyurethane (PU), PVC, pineapple mashizha, uye cork. Vegan dehwe rinowira mumapoka maviri makuru: ganda rekugadzira, senge polyurethane (PU) uye polyvinyl chloride (PVC); uye zvinhu zvakasikwa, zvakadai semashizha epineapple, cork, peel peel, uye mapurasitiki anogadzirwazve. Kuenzaniswa nedehwe rechokwadi, vegan dehwe haridi kuuraya mhuka, zvichiita kuti ive nehushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza nemhuka, ukuwo uchishandisa mashoma anokuvadza makemikari panguva yekugadzirwa kwayo. Chekutanga, ishamwari yemhuka, sezvo pasina mhuka dzinouraiwa panguva yekugadzirwa. Kechipiri, akawanda vegan matehwe anogadzikana uye eco-hushamwari, kunyangwe zvakakosha kuziva kuti mamwe, akadai sePU nePVC matehwe, anogona kusasangana nechiyero ichi. Uyezve, vegan dehwe rinogoneka zvakanyanya uye rinogona kutemwa chaizvo kune zvakatemwa nemugadziri, zvichikonzera zero tsvina. Uyezve, vegan dehwe rakakwirira kune rechokwadi dehwe maererano neCO2 uye greenhouse gasi kubudiswa, sezvo kurima kwemhuka kuri kupa kwakakosha kune izvi zvinobuda. Uyezve, vegan dehwe rinoshandisa makemikari asina muchetura panguva yekugadzirwa kwaro, kusiyana nenzira yechinyakare ye "kupisa" ganda remhuka kugadzira dehwe rechokwadi, rinoshandisa makemikari ane muchetura. Uyezve, vegan dehwe harina mvura uye riri nyore kutarisira, rakasiyana zvakanyanya nematehwe echokwadi, anogona kunge asina kudzivirira mvura uye anogona kudhura kuchengetedza.
Vegan dehwe rinogoneka zvakanyanya, rinodzikisa tsvina yezvinhu, uye rinodzivirira mvura. Kana tichienzanisa kunaka uye kusimba kwezviviri izvi, takaona kuti nekuti ese ari maviri eganda uye echokwadi dehwe anogadzirwa murabhoritari, anowanzo kuve akareruka, akatetepa, uye akasimba. Aya mabhenefiti akaita vegan dehwe kurova kukuru munyika yefashoni, uye nyore kushandisa kwayo kunokosheswa.
Synthetic matehwe sePU nePVC anokuvadzwa zviri nyore, ukuwo chaiwo vegan dehwe rinoita zvakanaka. Nekufamba kwenguva, matehwe ePU nePVC anowanzo kukwenya nekutsemuka. Natural vegan dehwe, zvisinei, rinoratidza kusimba kwakafanana nedehwe rechokwadi.
Tsanangudzo uye Kusimuka kweVegan Leather
Vegan dehwe idehwe rinogadzirwa risina chero zvikamu zvemhuka uye harina kuedzwa pamhuka. Mazhinji matehwe anogadzirwa kubva kumiti, inozivikanwawo semiti-based leather. Nekukura kwekuziva kwezvakatipoteredza uye indasitiri yemafashoni kutsvaga zvinhu zvinogoneka, kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzematehwe emhuka chave chinangwa chevazhinji vagadziri uye vanofarira fashoni, kuita vegan dehwe sarudzo yakakurumbira. Zvinhu zvefashoni zvinogadzirwa nedehwe renyama, zvakadai semabhegi, sneakers, uye zvipfeko, zviri kuwedzera kufarirwa.
Kuumbwa uye Kusiyana kweVegan Leather
Maumbirwo: Chero dehwe risina zvikamu zvemhuka rinogona kunzi vegan dehwe, saka faux dehwe iriwo rudzi rwevegan dehwe. Nekudaro, dehwe rechinyakare rekugadzira, senge polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), uye polyester, rinonyanya kugadzirwa kubva petroleum. Zvinhu izvi zvinoburitsa zvinhu zvinokuvadza panguva yekuora, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kusiyana-siyana: Mumakore achangopfuura, kukwira kwematehwe emiti kwakaunza humwe hutsva kune vegan dehwe. Semuenzaniso, dehwe rehowa, dehwe rekork, uye dehwe recactus zvishoma nezvishoma zvave kutariswa uye kukurukurwa, uye zvishoma nezvishoma zviri kutsiva zvechinyakare dehwe rekugadzira. Aya matehwe matsva evegan haangori nharaunda chete asi anopawo kusimba, kuchinjika, uye kufema.
Zvitatu Zvakanakira zveVegan Leather
Environmental Benefits:
Vegan dehwe rekutanga mbishi zvinhu zvinomera-zvakavakirwa, kwete mhuka-zvakavakirwa, zvichiita kuti zviite hushamwari.
Kuenzaniswa nematehwe echinyakare echinyakare, matehwe matsva evegan akadai seganda recactus uye howa haabudise zvinhu zvinokuvadza panguva yekuora, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanyanya kushamwaridzana.
Sustainability:
Kusimuka kweganda revegan kwakasimudzira kusimudzira kwakasimba muindasitiri yemafashoni. Mazhinji mabhureki ari kutora vegan dehwe seimwe nzira yematehwe emhuka kuderedza kuremerwa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, kusimba uye kuumbwa kwevegan dehwe kuri kuramba kuchivandudza, kusangana nezvinodiwa zvehuwandu hwakakura hwevatengi ukuwo ichideredza kutambisa zviwanikwa.
Fashionability uye Kusiyana-siyana:
Vegan dehwe riri kuwedzera kushandiswa muindasitiri yemafashoni, inosanganisira zvese kubva kumabhegi emaoko uye sneakers kusvika pakupfeka.
Kusiyana uye kuvandudzwa kwevegan dehwe zvakare kunovhura mikana mitsva yekugadzira fashoni. Semuenzaniso, kubuda kwezvinhu zvitsva senge cactus dehwe uye howa dehwe rinopa vanogadzira nekurudziro uye sarudzo.
Muchidimbu, vegan dehwe rinonyanya kutaridzika kupfuura yechinyakare dehwe rekugadzira, kwete chete nekuda kwehushamwari hwayo kwezvakatipoteredza uye kusimba, asiwo fashoni uye kuita kwakasiyana-siyana. Sezvo kuziva kwevatengi nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kusimba kuri kuramba kuchikura, vegan dehwe richava chinhu chakakosha mune ramangwana fashoni indasitiri.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-16-2025
